The development of Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) technology began in 1969 at Bell Research Laboratories in the United States. Early CCD designs were linear, with limited imaging quality. By the 1980s, despite initial flaws, high-resolution and high-quality CCDs became available due to ongoing research and technological advancements. In the 1990s, megapixel CCDs emerged, marking a significant leap in CCD development. Over two decades, CCD technology continued to evolve rapidly, especially in the early 2000s when miniaturization of CCD units became possible.
Kodak introduced the world's first matrix CCD, but large-area matrix CCDs remained difficult to produce due to complex manufacturing processes. A true color matrix CCD was first used in aviation for high-definition image capture in 2008, marking a milestone in CCD development. However, at that time, the production of such large, true-color CCDs was expensive and mainly confined to aerospace and industrial applications.
In the scanner market, linear CCDs are popular due to their low cost. The highest resolution linear CCD scanners currently range around 1000 yuan per bar, and many brands like Avision, Contex, Epson, Fujitsu, and Plustek use this traditional technology. Matrix CCD scanners, on the other hand, are typically found in high-end, non-contact book and ancient document scanners.
Currently, matrix CCDs in scanners fall into three categories: small-area matrix CCDs, RGB monochrome matrix CCDs, and full-width true color matrix CCDs. Small-area matrix CCDs require multiple scans and software stitching, leading to higher error rates and are mostly used in low-end models. RGB monochrome matrix CCDs need multiple scans to capture color, resulting in slower performance and are common in budget models. Full-width true color matrix CCDs offer fast, one-time point-to-point scanning with excellent image quality, making them ideal for high-end devices like the German book2net series.
As aerospace-grade CCDs become more accessible, industrial-scale full-frame true color matrix CCDs are now used in scanners. These new designs significantly increase scanning speed—A2 400dpi color scans can be completed in just 0.3 seconds, three times faster than traditional linear or RGB matrix scanners. This one-shot scanning method reduces distortion, improves image restoration, and eliminates the need for multiple passes, which lowers mechanical wear and light pollution. The life of a matrix CCD can exceed 300 million pages, making it ideal for digitizing large volumes of ancient documents.
Traditional linear CCD scanners work by moving a white light source and a linear sensor across the document line by line. The image is captured through a lens system, and the data is stitched together. While this method is mature, it involves movement between the light source and sensor, leading to potential image distortion and increased maintenance needs. Dust in archival environments can further complicate operations, and repeated scanning may damage delicate materials.
Matrix CCD sensors, particularly those designed for space applications, use a planar arrangement of tiny pixels. They capture true color in a single, instant scan, producing high-quality images with minimal noise. A typical pixel size is 10 μm × 10 μm, which helps improve image clarity. With a full-color scan completed in 0.3 seconds, these systems offer superior efficiency and accuracy.
As CCD production processes continue to advance, the cost of true color matrix CCDs is expected to decrease. This will likely lead to their widespread adoption in civilian-grade scanners, bringing improved image quality and faster scanning capabilities to the digital age.
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