The oscilloscope's deflection system is primarily based on electrostatic deflection. It consists of two sets of parallel metal plates positioned perpendicular to each other—these are known as the horizontal and vertical deflection plates. These plates control the movement of the electron beam in both the horizontal and vertical directions. When electrons pass through the deflection plates, if no voltage is applied, there is no electric field present, and the electrons continue straight toward the center of the screen after exiting the second anode.
However, when a voltage is applied to the deflection plates, an electric field is created between them. This electric field exerts a force on the electrons, causing them to change direction and hit a specific point on the phosphor screen. The position where the electron beam strikes depends on the voltage applied to the plates.
If the two deflection plates are parallel and have no potential difference between them, the electron beam with velocity υ will travel along its original path, which we can consider as the axial direction, and hit the origin of the fluorescent screen. But if a constant voltage is applied across the plates, an electric field is generated that is perpendicular to the direction of the electron beam’s motion. This causes the electrons to be deflected toward the plate with the higher potential. As a result, the electrons follow a parabolic path within the space between the plates and eventually strike a point A on the screen.
This point A is located at a certain distance from the origin, and this distance is referred to as the deflection amount, denoted by y. The value of y is directly proportional to the voltage Vy applied to the vertical deflection plates. Similarly, when a DC voltage is applied to the horizontal deflection plates, the electron beam is deflected horizontally, resulting in a similar proportional relationship between the voltage and the horizontal displacement.
This electrostatic deflection mechanism allows the oscilloscope to display waveforms by controlling the position of the electron beam in response to input signals, making it a crucial component for visualizing electrical signals in real time.
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