“Belt and Road†International Cooperation Summit Forum
—— Southeast Asia——
Malaysia
Malaysia is located in the heart of Southeast Asia. As of 2015, the country's total population is about 30,195,700, with an annual growth rate of 1.3% and a high population quality.
Since 2004, the Malaysian economy has maintained steady growth. In 2015, GDP was approximately $248 billion (calculated at constant prices in 2010), an increase of 5% year-on-year and a per capita income of $7948.7. In the same year, Malaysia’s total consumption reached US$163.27 billion (calculated at constant prices in 2010), of which private consumption totaled US$129.81 billion.
The Malaysian Bureau of Statistics conducts a household expenditure survey every five years. According to 2014 statistics, the average monthly total cost per household in Malaysia is about 834.9 US dollars, including food and soft drinks of about 157.7 US dollars, tobacco and alcohol about 19.1 US dollars, clothing, footwear about 29.2 US dollars, water and electricity, gas, etc. about 199.5 US dollars. Furniture and home repairs are about $31.7, medical care is $13.3, transportation is about $121.8, communications is about $44.3, cultural leisure is about $40.8, education is about $9.1, outside accommodation is about $105.9, and other expenses are about $61.6.
Malaysia and China implement import taxes under the framework of the regional free trade agreement of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. The normal tariffs for most products are reduced to zero.
Trade suggestion: 1. Choose trade partners carefully, adopt the letter of credit transaction to adapt to local payment conditions; 2. Use local currency settlement to avoid exchange risk; 3. Adhere to quality to win and improve product quality.
Indonesia
Despite the international financial crisis of 2008, the Indonesian economy maintained a high growth rate. In 2015, Indonesia's nominal GDP was about 861.7 billion US dollars, a growth rate of 4.8%; household consumption expenditure was 508.6 billion US dollars, accounting for about 60% of GDP.
Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world. As of 2015, the country has a total population of 256 million. Although the population is large, the quality is slightly insufficient.
In terms of tariffs, since the completion of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area in early 2010, more than 90% of China and Indonesia's import and export products have achieved zero tariffs.
Trade advice: 1. Pay attention to the issue of partners and intermediaries. There are many Chinese in Indonesia, but the Chinese intermediaries are mixed. Malicious fraud and other acts that harm the interests of Chinese companies occur from time to time. Therefore, Chinese companies should conduct extensive investigations, study carefully, and carefully choose; Improve product quality; 3. Pay attention to words and demeanor, pay attention to integrity, law-abiding management, and jointly maintain the image of enterprises and the country.
—— West Asia——
Turkey
Over the past 10 years, Turkey’s GDP has grown at an average rate of nearly 5%, making it the 18th largest economy in the world and the largest economy in the Middle East. In 2015, Turkey's GDP was 719.97 billion US dollars, the local currency calculation increased by 4%, and the per capita GDP was 9261 US dollars. The people's consumption power is very strong and the consumption concept is ahead. However, due to the large gap between the rich and the poor, the level of consumption of the people is different. Take a family of four, for example, the average consumption level is $1,000 per month.
By the end of 2015, Turkey had a population of 78.74 million, a year-on-year increase of 1.34%. Among them, 92.1% of the population live in cities, and only 7.9% of the population live in rural areas. Half of Turkey's population is younger than 31 years old and has a good population.
Turkey imposes five kinds of taxes on customs duties, excise taxes, public housing fund tax, special consumption tax and value-added tax on imported products; MFN rates are applied to all trading partners (including non-WTO members), and seasonal tax rates are not included. Since May 2015, Turkey has increased tariff rates on certain products from non-EU and other non-free trade countries such as China.
Trade suggestion: 1. Turkey has adopted a number of trade remedy measures including Chinese anti-dumping, safeguard measures and special protection for Chinese products, which has a great impact on the export of some Chinese products to Turkey; 2. According to the situation of Turkish merchants' credit, choose More secure methods of collecting foreign exchange, such as letters of credit, prepaid + wire transfer, prepaid + collection; 3. Exporters should pay attention to the relevant provisions of the Turkish Customs regarding the arrival of goods, beware of being defrauded; 4. The Turkish government regulations from the Far East countries (including China) Imported goods, when the importer declares to the customs, requires the sales contract and export declaration form to be certified by the Turkish Embassy or Consulate in China.
Production workshop of a plush toy export enterprise in Jixian County, Jiangsu Province
—— South Asia——
Sri Lanka
In 2015, Sri Lanka’s GDP totaled US$82.3 billion, up 4.8% year-on-year; per capita GDP was US$3,925. According to the 2012-2013 annual report of the Statistical Bureau of Sri Lanka, the average monthly household consumption expenditure in Sri Lanka is US$642.1, of which the dietary expenditure is US$242.5 and the non-food expenditure is US$399.6. Among non-food expenditures, housing accounted for 18.1%, transportation accounted for 13.3%, personal care and health expenditure accounted for 8.5%, hydropower fuel expenditure accounted for 6.8%, education accounted for 5.6%, communication accounted for 3.5%, and leisure and entertainment accounted for 2%.
Sri Lanka's total population in 2015 was 20.966 million, an increase of 0.9%. The cultural level of the Sri Lankan people is among the best in South Asian countries and their personal qualities are high.
Sri Lanka Customs implements a tariff system for goods entering and leaving the country. Customs will use the corresponding tariff rate to collect taxes according to the type of goods. In addition to customs duties, VAT is also levied.
Trade suggestion: 1. Choose partners carefully; 2. In the process of trading, adhere to normal commercial trade guidelines, and rationally avoid risks; 3. Full communication before the transaction, understand the contents of the transaction contract accurately, improve the contract terms, reduce loopholes and not Necessary misunderstandings; 4. Pay close attention to the adverse effects that the country’s political environment and tax policy adjustments may have on trade.
—— Central Asia——
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is the country with the fastest economic development, relatively stable political situation and relatively good social order in Central Asia. In 2015, Kazakhstan's GDP was about 183.83 billion US dollars, a growth rate of 1.2%; per capita wages of 700 US dollars. As of January 1, 2016, the national population was 17.67 million, an increase of 1.5% year-on-year. Kazakhstan has a good education foundation and there is basically no illiteracy in the country.
In December 2015, the minimum cost of living in Kazakhstan was US$60.6, an increase of 1.6% from the previous month and an increase of 5.6% from the same period last year. Among them, food consumption expenditure accounted for a relatively large amount of US$36.4; non-food and service expenditures were US$24.3. The minimum standard of living for children under 13 is $49.
In July 2015, after Kazakhstan’s accession to the WTO, the average tariff rate was 7.147%.
Trade suggestion: 1. In trade negotiations, it is necessary to establish an equal trade relationship, comprehensively understand the other party's credit information, etc., frankly put forward their own requirements and conditions, and truthfully introduce their products and services. The site should be equipped with Russian or foreign trade and economic business. Harbin translation; 2. The contract should accurately indicate the product name, model, package delivery date, etc.; avoid the "cash on delivery" clause to prevent fraud; require the other party to issue a confirmed letter of credit to ensure safe collection of foreign exchange; Explain the corresponding compensation and punishment clauses at the time of default, and the arbitration clauses in case of disputes; 3. Implement the strategy of winning by quality and enhance the status of Chinese products.
- CIS -
Russia
Russia is one of the major economic powers. After the international financial crisis, the economic recovery rate is faster than most developed countries. However, affected by the slowdown in world economic growth, the continued decline in international commodity prices, and the international political interference of the Ukrainian crisis, Russia’s economic growth slowed further in 2015. The GDP at current prices was approximately $129.3 billion, down 3.8% year-on-year. The per capita GDP is about $8,417.
In 2014, the average monthly income of Russian residents was US$505.2, an increase of 9.2% year-on-year, and the average monthly expenditure was US$354.4. Among them, the consumption expenditure for purchasing goods and services accounted for 75.1% of the total income.
Russia is sparsely populated. As of January 1, 2016, the population was 146 million, but the nationals were highly educated.
According to the 2013 data of the WTO, Russia imposes import tariffs on different types of countries at different tax rates, and the average MFN tariff rate promised to WTO members is 9.7%.
Trade suggestion: 1. Whether the imported goods are for personal use or for sale, they will face different regulatory conditions. For the nature of the goods imported, they should be clearly defined with the local customs declaration agency; 2. If the imported goods are complicated, they must be specified in detail. The name, specifications, and even technical descriptions and pictures of the goods, the Russian customs code level is very large, only detailed information can help determine what customs code and regulatory conditions should be used.
The first train of the Central European train (Nanjing-Moscow) officially opened in 2016
- Central and Eastern Europe -
Poland
Since 1992, the Polish economy has maintained a positive growth. In 2012 and 2013, Poland's economic growth rate was 1.9% and 1.6%, respectively, which is one of the fastest growing economies in the EU. In 2015, GDP was about 451.8 billion US dollars, and the local currency calculated economic growth was 3.6%; per capita GDP was 11890 US dollars.
In 2015, Poland’s total social consumption was 360.91 billion US dollars, of which household consumption was 272.55 billion US dollars. In the household consumption structure, food and non-alcoholic beverages accounted for 24.1%; housing, water, electricity, natural gas and other fuels were 20.2%; and transportation expenditures accounted for 8.8%.
According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics of Poland in June 2015, the population of Poland is 38.455 million, with abundant human resources and high quality. Its college students account for about one-tenth of the number of European university students.
Poland applies the EU Community Customs Tax System. The tax rate table includes the agreed tax rate and applies to WTO members or countries where the Community has signed a MFN agreement. Some products use independent tariffs in the tax rate table and are not subject to MFN treatment and WTO obligations.
Trade advice: 1. Adapt to local payment terms. Polish importers usually open letters of credit to exporters, but some importers pay a 30% deposit after signing the contract. After receiving the delivery notice, the Polish bank guarantees the exporter, only the goods are delivered and accepted. After that, the exporter can withdraw the payment from the bank where the account is opened; 2. Improve the quality and maintain the reputation; 3. Integrity management and performance according to law; 4. Be vigilant to prevent risks, in order to ensure the security of the transaction, both parties must sign a formal contract after full negotiation to avoid Risk, in addition, must guard against cross-border network fraud; 5. Be clear and polite; 6. Dress properly and pay attention to the image.
Romania
Affected by the global economic crisis, Romania's economic growth has declined, but after 2011, the economy gradually stepped out of recession. By 2015, Romania's GDP was about 177.65 billion US dollars, an increase of 3.7%.
In the fourth quarter of 2015, the average monthly disposable income of Romanian households was approximately US$718.4, and the average monthly household expenditure was approximately US$636.8, accounting for 88.6% of total revenue. From a structural point of view, food and non-alcoholic beverages accounted for 36.8% of household consumption expenditures, while housing, water, electricity, heating, gas and fuel expenditures accounted for 18.3%.
As of July 1, 2015, the Romanian national population was 22.24 million, of which the urban population accounted for 56.4%. Romania has a 10-year compulsory education and its quality is high.
Import and export goods in the country are uniformly implemented in EU operating standards, and tariffs are subject to ad valorem taxes.
Trade suggestion: 1. Before signing the contract, you should inquire about the time, place, performance, integrity and whether there are bad credit records such as the establishment of the foreign company; 2. The quality and specifications of the goods should be specified in the formal contract, and the payment should be indicated. Conditions, payment time, in case the other party delays; 3. Try to take a safer payment method such as letter of credit, strictly review the issuing bank, and purchase import and export credit insurance; 4. Avoid receiving banks and remittance banks are not one, accept The situation in which a single bank is inconsistent with the country of destination of the goods; 5. Be vigilant in dealing with foreign companies and performing contracts, pay attention to distinguishing the authenticity of words and deeds, and discover problems in a timely manner; 6. Relevant information of Luofang Company can be confirmed by Luo National Chamber of Commerce and Industry. .
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