The people who have always been proud of the invention of papermaking have to face such an embarrassing reality: On the one hand, the consumption of paper continues to grow. China is becoming the most attractive paper consumer market. On the other hand, many structural contradictions restrict In the modernization process of the Chinese paper industry, it is difficult for many paper mills to eat this huge cake.
Recently, at Inner Mongolia Huazhang Paper Industry Development Symposium held in Hohhot, domestic papermaking industry insiders and relevant economic experts jointly discussed the cross-century development strategy of China's paper industry. Through the prediction of the market, the participating experts believe that under the present buyer’s market conditions, the paper industry is one of the few industries in China with total shortages, increasing demand, and considerable market potential. According to Wei Guohai, director of the Planning and Development Division of the State Light Industry Bureau, from 1990 to the present, the consumption of paper and paperboard is increasing at a rate of 12% per year. In 1997, the consumption of paper and paperboard was 32.58 million tons, ranking second in the world. . The per capita paper consumption of the country is only about 25 kilograms, which is lower than the world average level of 55 kilograms per capita, and it is far below the average per capita consumption level of 300 kilograms per capita in developed countries.
In the future, there is a huge potential for consumer demand for domestic paper, and some experts in the paper industry and economy predict that. By 2010, the consumption demand for paper and paperboard in China will be around 60-70 million tons. Although the consumption in the next 10 years has doubled, the per capita consumption level is still not high. Even considering the population growth factor, the per capita consumption level is only 50 kilograms at that time, which is equivalent to the world consumption level in 1996. In 1997, the domestic output of paper and paperboard was 27.44 million tons, which was lower than the consumption of 5.14 million tons. The production is far from satisfying consumption. It can be seen that the paper market has a huge market space.
Although domestic paper production is also increasing year by year, it is difficult to catch up with consumer demand. Paper and paperboard consumption growth is greater than production growth. In 1996, consumption increased by 15.7% compared with 1995. In 1997, consumption increased by 6.3% compared to 1996, while the increase in production volume during the same period was 9.9% and 3.6%, respectively. Import paper and cardboard to fill this market "gap." Since 1996, the volume of imported paper and paperboard has reached 3.03 million tons. In 1997, it increased to 4.5 million tons. In 1998, imported paper and paperboard increased sharply to 5.77 million tons, resulting in a downward trend in the self-sufficiency rate of domestic paper, and the self-sufficiency rate of domestic products from 1995. The 89% of the year dropped to 84% in 1997.
Foreign paper companies seem to have become the biggest beneficiaries of the growing Chinese paper market. Zhang Xinping and other experts in the China Paper Association pointed out that the paper industry in China must solve the outstanding structural contradictions in order to shorten the gap with the world paper industry and become another important new economic growth point in the next century in China:
1. The contradiction between the shortage of market supply and the lack of effective product structure demand. The paper industry in China is difficult to meet the paper market, an important aspect of the performance of high-end paper products, inadequate supply, a large number of low-grade product backlog, excess production.
Second, the structure of papermaking raw materials is irrational. China's papermaking raw materials are dominated by non-wood fibers, the ratio of wood pulp papermaking is very small, and the percentage of wood pulp is less than 10%. Compared with wood pulp and papermaking, which is used by modern international papermaking industry with more than 90%, it is obvious. Not reasonable.
Third, the current large number of small-scale enterprise structure has affected the development of China's paper industry in the direction of modernization and economies of scale. China's paper industry has a small-scale structure and therefore has poor scale efficiency and weak competitiveness. In 1997, there were 1180 papermaking enterprises with annual production capacity of more than 10,000 tons and output of 18.58 million tons, accounting for 68% of the total output. Among them, there are more than 130 enterprises with an annual production capacity of over 30,000 tons, and the output is 6 million tons, accounting for 22% of the total output. Only 3 companies have an annual production capacity of over 200,000 tons, and only 30 companies have an annual production capacity of over 100,000 tons. The average size of the existing papermaking enterprises in China is 5,975 tons per year, which is quite different from the world average size of 40,000 tons.
Fourth, the existing product structure does not adapt to the paper consumer market changes and markets. There are only 600 kinds of paper and board products in China, mainly middle- and low-grade products. Compared with the level of more than 1,000 high-end products in developed countries, there is a big gap between them. With the technological advancement of related industries and the upgrading of products, this The product structure has not adapted to the changes and development of the paper consumer market, and has increased the dependence on imported paper and board.
V. The technological equipment is backward. At present, most of the technical equipment of domestic paper-making enterprises are at the level before the 1970s, a small amount is at the level of the 1980s, and individual levels reach the level of the 1990s, which is far from the international level.
Due to the current raw material structure, scale structure and technical equipment level, the waste water pollution situation of China's papermaking industry is relatively serious. According to the 1996 Environmental Protection Statistical Bulletin, papermaking enterprises above county and county discharge 2.125 billion tons of wastewater, accounting for national industrial wastewater. 11% of emissions, of which only up to 14% of emissions. According to the national environmental protection requirements, by the year 2000, the paper-making enterprises have reached emissions, and the task of controlling pollution is arduous.
Experts at the meeting pointed out that adjusting the structure of raw materials, product structure and the scale structure of enterprises, and at the same time increasing the intensity of pollution control, is the way out for China's paper industry. In accordance with the characteristics of the industry, the establishment of cross-regional forest-paper integrated large companies and large groups with international competitiveness is the key to the rush of China's paper industry and the international modern paper industry. After adjusting the structure of raw materials and realizing the new raw material structure based on wood fiber, China's paper industry should make up its mind to rewrite the existing product structure and develop medium and high-grade paper products to meet the needs of domestic and foreign markets. First, we must vigorously develop market short-term products such as newsprint, high-grade information paper, and middle-to-high-end household paper, speed up the upgrading of cigarette paper, white paperboard, and other products, improve the quality of various types of processed base paper, and limit the quality of inferior paperboard and toilet paper. The development of such slow-moving products, such as the market, has been adjusted to make the product structure more reasonable and to adapt to the needs of multiple levels of consumption. The second is to base on the transformation of existing enterprises, increase investment in key products, increase the concentration of production of key products, increase the technological content of products, and enhance the competitiveness of competitive enterprises. The third is to decide to eliminate backward production processes and equipment.
The world's modern papermaking industry is based on wood, taking full advantage of waste paper raw material pattern, wood pulp accounted for more than 90%, analysis of why the world papermaking industry chose wood pulp as the main reason, we can see that China's paper industry "congenitally inadequate ". Wei Guohai, director of the Department of Planning and Development of the State Light Industry Bureau, and other experts analyzed in detail the "what happened":
First, wood fiber quality is relatively good. Almost all paper products can use wood as raw material. Wood fiber can be used to produce various high-grade papers.
Second, the wood is easy to transport and store and is suitable for large-scale production. As the main raw material of China's papermaking industry, wheat straw is concentrated year after year, but the difficulty of concentration is relatively high, and transportation and storage costs are also high. As the paper industry is a technology-intensive industry with significant economies of scale, the use of wood as a raw material can fully reflect the economies of scale. In Europe and the United States, where the company is dominated by wood pulping, the pulping capacity of a plant is generally 300,000 tons. The capacity of each newly-built pulp production line is 700,000 tons, and the minimum size of domestic pulp and paper is 34,000 tons. This huge difference is not unrelated to the raw material structure. In addition, with the advancement of agricultural technology and the Promotion of mechanized harvesting, the output of wheat straw as a by-product is getting lower and lower. As a large-scale production enterprise, the supply of raw materials should not be subject to other industries, so the use of wood is more reliable than wheat straw. .
Thirdly, from the perspective of pollution control, the recovery rate of alkali in the wood pulp industry in the world is about 98%, and the compound products in the pulping process can be basically recovered. The best level of alkali recovery in domestic pulp and papermaking is about 70%. 28% of the alkali is not recovered. The cost of processing this part of unrecovered water is very large. It takes about 1 yuan per ton of water, and it costs about 2 yuan for deep wells. 1 ton of pulp consumes 200 tons of water, then an enterprise of 100,000 ton of pulping capacity needs approximately 20 million yuan for the treatment of light wastewater.
Based on wood, the Chinese paper industry must start from the source of raw materials to “clean the sourceâ€. How to adjust the structure of deformed raw materials so as to revitalize the paper industry in China as soon as possible. The China Pulp and Paper Industry Association proposed the goal of adjusting the structure of raw materials. It is necessary to realize the main use of wood fibers, strive to increase the proportion of wood fibers, and rationally equip non-wood fibers and secondary Fiber's new raw material structure. To achieve this goal, the China National Paper Industry Association has formulated the following plans:
I. Actively study and formulate forestry pulp and paper integration strategies, develop wood pulp and papermaking plans, and promote the development of wood pulp and paper.
Second, make full use of domestic and foreign two types of timber resources, China can be solely funded to build or encourage foreign joint ventures to establish large-scale paper mills at home and abroad, in accordance with the domestic product structure adjustment needs, should make full use of felling processing residual timber, thinning wood and wood pulping.
3. Actively develop domestic artificial fast-growing forests and high-yielding afforestation bases, and gradually realize 60% of large-scale wood pulp and papermaking enterprises' material bases. At the same time, they can use a variety of cooperative methods to build fast-growing afforestation timber material bases in regions with favorable conditions abroad.
4. Rationally develop and utilize non-wood fiber resources, including mainly reeds, bagasse, etc., consolidate and develop the reed base, increase the yield per unit by reconstructing low-yield fields, cultivate new varieties, and improve fiber quality. The development of large-scale reed pulp mills in Hunan, Jiangsu, Xinjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia and other places with rich reed resources has led to a decline in the ratio of straw to pulp, and rational use of grass resources under the premise of pollution control compliance.
Fifth, expand the recovery and utilization of waste paper. By the year 2000, the proportion of waste pulp should be more than 35%. It is necessary to expand the use of imported waste paper, and at the same time strengthen the recovery and use of domestic waste paper. Establish a domestic market system for the recovery and supply of waste paper as soon as possible. Build large waste pulp mills in Shandong, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Fujian, Tianjin, and coastal port areas to provide waste pulp for paper mills. For some types of paper and board, Can learn from international experience, from the legislative requirements must be infiltrated with a certain percentage of waste pulp.
Recently, at Inner Mongolia Huazhang Paper Industry Development Symposium held in Hohhot, domestic papermaking industry insiders and relevant economic experts jointly discussed the cross-century development strategy of China's paper industry. Through the prediction of the market, the participating experts believe that under the present buyer’s market conditions, the paper industry is one of the few industries in China with total shortages, increasing demand, and considerable market potential. According to Wei Guohai, director of the Planning and Development Division of the State Light Industry Bureau, from 1990 to the present, the consumption of paper and paperboard is increasing at a rate of 12% per year. In 1997, the consumption of paper and paperboard was 32.58 million tons, ranking second in the world. . The per capita paper consumption of the country is only about 25 kilograms, which is lower than the world average level of 55 kilograms per capita, and it is far below the average per capita consumption level of 300 kilograms per capita in developed countries.
In the future, there is a huge potential for consumer demand for domestic paper, and some experts in the paper industry and economy predict that. By 2010, the consumption demand for paper and paperboard in China will be around 60-70 million tons. Although the consumption in the next 10 years has doubled, the per capita consumption level is still not high. Even considering the population growth factor, the per capita consumption level is only 50 kilograms at that time, which is equivalent to the world consumption level in 1996. In 1997, the domestic output of paper and paperboard was 27.44 million tons, which was lower than the consumption of 5.14 million tons. The production is far from satisfying consumption. It can be seen that the paper market has a huge market space.
Although domestic paper production is also increasing year by year, it is difficult to catch up with consumer demand. Paper and paperboard consumption growth is greater than production growth. In 1996, consumption increased by 15.7% compared with 1995. In 1997, consumption increased by 6.3% compared to 1996, while the increase in production volume during the same period was 9.9% and 3.6%, respectively. Import paper and cardboard to fill this market "gap." Since 1996, the volume of imported paper and paperboard has reached 3.03 million tons. In 1997, it increased to 4.5 million tons. In 1998, imported paper and paperboard increased sharply to 5.77 million tons, resulting in a downward trend in the self-sufficiency rate of domestic paper, and the self-sufficiency rate of domestic products from 1995. The 89% of the year dropped to 84% in 1997.
Foreign paper companies seem to have become the biggest beneficiaries of the growing Chinese paper market. Zhang Xinping and other experts in the China Paper Association pointed out that the paper industry in China must solve the outstanding structural contradictions in order to shorten the gap with the world paper industry and become another important new economic growth point in the next century in China:
1. The contradiction between the shortage of market supply and the lack of effective product structure demand. The paper industry in China is difficult to meet the paper market, an important aspect of the performance of high-end paper products, inadequate supply, a large number of low-grade product backlog, excess production.
Second, the structure of papermaking raw materials is irrational. China's papermaking raw materials are dominated by non-wood fibers, the ratio of wood pulp papermaking is very small, and the percentage of wood pulp is less than 10%. Compared with wood pulp and papermaking, which is used by modern international papermaking industry with more than 90%, it is obvious. Not reasonable.
Third, the current large number of small-scale enterprise structure has affected the development of China's paper industry in the direction of modernization and economies of scale. China's paper industry has a small-scale structure and therefore has poor scale efficiency and weak competitiveness. In 1997, there were 1180 papermaking enterprises with annual production capacity of more than 10,000 tons and output of 18.58 million tons, accounting for 68% of the total output. Among them, there are more than 130 enterprises with an annual production capacity of over 30,000 tons, and the output is 6 million tons, accounting for 22% of the total output. Only 3 companies have an annual production capacity of over 200,000 tons, and only 30 companies have an annual production capacity of over 100,000 tons. The average size of the existing papermaking enterprises in China is 5,975 tons per year, which is quite different from the world average size of 40,000 tons.
Fourth, the existing product structure does not adapt to the paper consumer market changes and markets. There are only 600 kinds of paper and board products in China, mainly middle- and low-grade products. Compared with the level of more than 1,000 high-end products in developed countries, there is a big gap between them. With the technological advancement of related industries and the upgrading of products, this The product structure has not adapted to the changes and development of the paper consumer market, and has increased the dependence on imported paper and board.
V. The technological equipment is backward. At present, most of the technical equipment of domestic paper-making enterprises are at the level before the 1970s, a small amount is at the level of the 1980s, and individual levels reach the level of the 1990s, which is far from the international level.
Due to the current raw material structure, scale structure and technical equipment level, the waste water pollution situation of China's papermaking industry is relatively serious. According to the 1996 Environmental Protection Statistical Bulletin, papermaking enterprises above county and county discharge 2.125 billion tons of wastewater, accounting for national industrial wastewater. 11% of emissions, of which only up to 14% of emissions. According to the national environmental protection requirements, by the year 2000, the paper-making enterprises have reached emissions, and the task of controlling pollution is arduous.
Experts at the meeting pointed out that adjusting the structure of raw materials, product structure and the scale structure of enterprises, and at the same time increasing the intensity of pollution control, is the way out for China's paper industry. In accordance with the characteristics of the industry, the establishment of cross-regional forest-paper integrated large companies and large groups with international competitiveness is the key to the rush of China's paper industry and the international modern paper industry. After adjusting the structure of raw materials and realizing the new raw material structure based on wood fiber, China's paper industry should make up its mind to rewrite the existing product structure and develop medium and high-grade paper products to meet the needs of domestic and foreign markets. First, we must vigorously develop market short-term products such as newsprint, high-grade information paper, and middle-to-high-end household paper, speed up the upgrading of cigarette paper, white paperboard, and other products, improve the quality of various types of processed base paper, and limit the quality of inferior paperboard and toilet paper. The development of such slow-moving products, such as the market, has been adjusted to make the product structure more reasonable and to adapt to the needs of multiple levels of consumption. The second is to base on the transformation of existing enterprises, increase investment in key products, increase the concentration of production of key products, increase the technological content of products, and enhance the competitiveness of competitive enterprises. The third is to decide to eliminate backward production processes and equipment.
The world's modern papermaking industry is based on wood, taking full advantage of waste paper raw material pattern, wood pulp accounted for more than 90%, analysis of why the world papermaking industry chose wood pulp as the main reason, we can see that China's paper industry "congenitally inadequate ". Wei Guohai, director of the Department of Planning and Development of the State Light Industry Bureau, and other experts analyzed in detail the "what happened":
First, wood fiber quality is relatively good. Almost all paper products can use wood as raw material. Wood fiber can be used to produce various high-grade papers.
Second, the wood is easy to transport and store and is suitable for large-scale production. As the main raw material of China's papermaking industry, wheat straw is concentrated year after year, but the difficulty of concentration is relatively high, and transportation and storage costs are also high. As the paper industry is a technology-intensive industry with significant economies of scale, the use of wood as a raw material can fully reflect the economies of scale. In Europe and the United States, where the company is dominated by wood pulping, the pulping capacity of a plant is generally 300,000 tons. The capacity of each newly-built pulp production line is 700,000 tons, and the minimum size of domestic pulp and paper is 34,000 tons. This huge difference is not unrelated to the raw material structure. In addition, with the advancement of agricultural technology and the Promotion of mechanized harvesting, the output of wheat straw as a by-product is getting lower and lower. As a large-scale production enterprise, the supply of raw materials should not be subject to other industries, so the use of wood is more reliable than wheat straw. .
Thirdly, from the perspective of pollution control, the recovery rate of alkali in the wood pulp industry in the world is about 98%, and the compound products in the pulping process can be basically recovered. The best level of alkali recovery in domestic pulp and papermaking is about 70%. 28% of the alkali is not recovered. The cost of processing this part of unrecovered water is very large. It takes about 1 yuan per ton of water, and it costs about 2 yuan for deep wells. 1 ton of pulp consumes 200 tons of water, then an enterprise of 100,000 ton of pulping capacity needs approximately 20 million yuan for the treatment of light wastewater.
Based on wood, the Chinese paper industry must start from the source of raw materials to “clean the sourceâ€. How to adjust the structure of deformed raw materials so as to revitalize the paper industry in China as soon as possible. The China Pulp and Paper Industry Association proposed the goal of adjusting the structure of raw materials. It is necessary to realize the main use of wood fibers, strive to increase the proportion of wood fibers, and rationally equip non-wood fibers and secondary Fiber's new raw material structure. To achieve this goal, the China National Paper Industry Association has formulated the following plans:
I. Actively study and formulate forestry pulp and paper integration strategies, develop wood pulp and papermaking plans, and promote the development of wood pulp and paper.
Second, make full use of domestic and foreign two types of timber resources, China can be solely funded to build or encourage foreign joint ventures to establish large-scale paper mills at home and abroad, in accordance with the domestic product structure adjustment needs, should make full use of felling processing residual timber, thinning wood and wood pulping.
3. Actively develop domestic artificial fast-growing forests and high-yielding afforestation bases, and gradually realize 60% of large-scale wood pulp and papermaking enterprises' material bases. At the same time, they can use a variety of cooperative methods to build fast-growing afforestation timber material bases in regions with favorable conditions abroad.
4. Rationally develop and utilize non-wood fiber resources, including mainly reeds, bagasse, etc., consolidate and develop the reed base, increase the yield per unit by reconstructing low-yield fields, cultivate new varieties, and improve fiber quality. The development of large-scale reed pulp mills in Hunan, Jiangsu, Xinjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia and other places with rich reed resources has led to a decline in the ratio of straw to pulp, and rational use of grass resources under the premise of pollution control compliance.
Fifth, expand the recovery and utilization of waste paper. By the year 2000, the proportion of waste pulp should be more than 35%. It is necessary to expand the use of imported waste paper, and at the same time strengthen the recovery and use of domestic waste paper. Establish a domestic market system for the recovery and supply of waste paper as soon as possible. Build large waste pulp mills in Shandong, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Fujian, Tianjin, and coastal port areas to provide waste pulp for paper mills. For some types of paper and board, Can learn from international experience, from the legislative requirements must be infiltrated with a certain percentage of waste pulp.
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